Ho3+ ions doped into insulating laser crystals have exhibited 14 inter-manifold laser channels, operating in temporal modes from CW to mode-locked [1]. Ho:YAG is commonly used as an efficient means to generate 2.1-μm laser emission from the 5I7 - 5I8 transition, for applications such as laser remote sensing, medical surgery, and pumping Mid-IR OPO's to achieve 3-5micron emission. Direct diode pumped systems [2], [3] and Tm: Fiber Laser pumped systems[4] have demonstrated hi slope efficiencies, some approaching the theoretical limit.
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Ho3+ concentration range | 0.005 - 100 atomic % |
Dopant Ion Density @ 1 atomic % | |
Y3+ Site | 1.38 x 1022 cm-3 |
Al3+Site (IV) | 1.38 x 1022 cm-3 |
Al3+Site (VI) | 0.92 x 1022 cm-3 |
Emission Wavelength | 2.01 μm |
Laser Transition | 5I7 → 5I8 |
Flouresence Lifetime | 8.5 ms |
Pump Wavelength | 1.9 μm |
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 6.14 x 10-6 K-1 |
Thermal Diffusivity | 0.041 cm2 s-2 |
Thermal Conductivity | 11.2 W m-1 K-1 |
Specific Heat (Cp) | 0.59 J g-1 K-1 |
Thermal Shock Resistant | 800 W m-1 |
Refractive Index @ 632.8 nm | 1.83 |
dn/dT (Thermal Coefficient of Refractive Index) @ 1064nm | 7.8 10-6 K-1 |
Molecular Weight | 593.7 g mol-1 |
Melting Point | 1965°C |
Density | 4.56 g cm-3 |
MOHS Hardness | 8.25 |
Young’s Modulus | 335 Gpa |
Tensile Strength | 2 Gpa |
Crystal Structure | Cubic |
Standard Orientation | <111> |
Y3+ Site Symmetry | D2 |
Lattice Constant | a=12.013 Å |
1)A. A. Kaminskii, "Crystaline Lasers: Physical Processes and Operating Schemes", CRC Press, (1996), Section 1.4.5, ISBN:0-8493-3720-8
2)Early work on diode pumping of Ho:YAG can be found in: T.Y. Fan, et al., Opt. Lett., 12, 678 (1987) along with R. Allen et al., Electron. Lett., 22, 947 (1986).
3) 3 S. Lamrini, et al., "High-Power Ho:YAG Laser in-Band Pumped by Laser Diodes at 1.9 ?m and avelength-Stabilized by a Volume Bragg Grating" ASSP 2010 Technical Digest, ISBN 978-1-55752-883-4.
4) Xiaodong Mu, et al., "High Efficiency, High Power 2.097-μm Ho:YAG Laser", ASSP 2010 Technical Digest, ISBN 978-1-55752-883-4